Usoro ọgwụgwọ mmiri nke ụlọ ọrụ na ngwa kemịkalụ
ndabere
Site na mmepe ngwa ngwa nke mmepụta ihe, mkpa ọgwụgwọ mmiri dị na mmepụta mmepụta ihe dị iche iche na-apụtawanye ìhè. Ngwọta mmiri nke ụlọ ọrụ abụghị naanị njikọ dị mkpa iji hụ na ọganihu dị mma nke usoro ahụ, kamakwa ihe dị mkpa iji zute ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na ihe ndị chọrọ mmepe mmepe.
Ụdị ọgwụgwọ mmiri
| Ụdị ọgwụgwọ mmiri | Isi ebumnuche | Isi ọgwụgwọ ihe | Isi usoro. |
| Ngwọta mmiri ara ehi | Zute ihe achọrọ nke mmiri ụlọ ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe | Mmiri iyi eke eke | Filtration, sedimentation, coagulation. |
| Usoro ọgwụgwọ mmiri | Zute ihe achọrọ usoro a kapịrị ọnụ | Usoro mmepụta mmiri | Na-adị nro, desalination, deoxygenation. |
| Na-ekesa ọgwụgwọ mmiri jụrụ oyi | Gbaa mbọ hụ na arụ ọrụ akụrụngwa dị | Mmiri jụrụ oyi na-ekesa | Ọgwụgwọ dosing. |
| Ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu | Chebe gburugburu ebe obibi | Mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ | Ọgwụgwọ anụ ahụ, kemịkalụ, usoro ndu. |
| Ọgwụgwọ mmiri emegharịrị | Belata oriri mmiri ọhụrụ | Eji mmiri mee ihe | Yiri ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu. |
Chemicals ọgwụgwọ mmiri a na-ejikarị
| Otu | Chemical ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe | Ọrụ |
| Onye na-efegharị efegharị | PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminum sulfate, wdg. | Wepu ihe siri ike kwụsịtụrụ na ihe organic |
| Ọgwụ nje | dị ka TCCA, SDIC, ozone, chlorine dioxide, Calcium Hypochlorite, wdg | Na-egbu microorganisms na mmiri (dị ka nje bacteria, nje, fungi na protozoa) |
| ihe nkwụnye pH | Aminosulfonic acid, NaOH, lime, sulfuric acid, wdg. | Hazie pH mmiri |
| Ndị na-ewepụ ion metal | EDTA, ion mgbanwe resin | Wepu ion metal dị arọ (dị ka ígwè, ọla kọpa, lead, cadmium, mercury, nickel, wdg) na ion ọla ndị ọzọ na-emerụ ahụ n'ime mmiri. |
| Ihe mgbochi nha | Organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acid | Gbochie nhazi ọnụ ọgụgụ site na calcium na magnesium ion. O nwekwara mmetụta ụfọdụ nke iwepụ ion ígwè |
| Deoxidizer | Sodium sulfite, hydrazine, wdg. | Wepu ikuku oxygen gbazere iji gbochie mmebi ikuku oxygen |
| Onye na-ehicha ihe | Citric acid, sulfuric acid, aminosulfonic acid | Wepu ọnụ ọgụgụ na adịghị ọcha |
| Oxidants | Ozone, persulfate, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen peroxide, wdg. | Disinfection, iwepụ ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe na imeziwanye ogo mmiri, wdg. |
| Ihe nro | dị ka lime na sodium carbonate. | Na-ewepụ ion siri ike (calcium, ion magnesium) ma belata ohere nke ịmepụta ọnụ ọgụgụ |
| Ndị na-agbapụ ụfụfụ/Antifoam | Kpochapụ ma ọ bụ kpochapụ ụfụfụ | |
| Mwepụ | Calcium hypochlorite | wepụ NH₃-N na mmiri na-ekpofu ihe iji mee ka ọ zute ụkpụrụ nkwụsị |
Chemicals ọgwụgwọ mmiri anyị nwere ike ịnye:
Ngwọta mmiri nke ụlọ ọrụ na-ezo aka na usoro ọgwụgwọ mmiri mmepụta ihe na mmiri na-agbapụta ya site na anụ ahụ, kemịkalụ, ndu na ụzọ ndị ọzọ. Ngwọta mmiri nke ụlọ ọrụ bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke mmepụta ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, na mkpa ya pụtara n'akụkụ ndị a:
1.1 Gbaa mbọ hụ na ịdị mma ngwaahịa
Wepụ ihe ndị na-adịghị ọcha na mmiri dị ka ion ígwè, ihe ndị a kwụsịrị, wdg iji gboo mkpa mmepụta ma hụ na ngwaahịa dị mma.
Na-egbochi corrosion: ikuku oxygen gbazere, carbon dioxide, wdg n'ime mmiri nwere ike ime ka corrosion nke ngwá ọrụ ígwè na-ebelata ndụ nke ngwa ahụ.
Njikwa microorganisms: Bacteria, algae na microorganisms ndị ọzọ dị na mmiri nwere ike ịkpata mmetọ ngwaahịa, na-emetụta àgwà ngwaahịa na nchekwa ahụike.
1.2 Meziwanye mmepụta mmepụta ihe
Belata oge nkwụsị: ọgwụgwọ mmiri mgbe niile nwere ike igbochi ngwa ngwa na corrosion nke ọma, belata ugboro ole na-arụ ọrụ na ngbanwe nke ngwá ọrụ, ma si otú a na-emeziwanye mmepụta mmepụta ihe.
Mee ka ọnọdụ usoro dịkwuo elu: Site na ọgwụgwọ mmiri, àgwà mmiri nke na-emezu ihe ndị a chọrọ nwere ike ịnweta iji hụ na nkwụsi ike nke usoro mmepụta ihe.
1.3 Belata ụgwọ nrụpụta
Chekwa ike: Site na ọgwụgwọ mmiri, enwere ike ibelata oriri ike akụrụngwa yana enwere ike ịchekwa ụgwọ ọrụ mmepụta.
Na-egbochi scaling: ion siri ike dị ka calcium na magnesium ion na mmiri ga-etolite ọnụ ọgụgụ, na-arapara n'elu nke ngwá ọrụ, belata okpomọkụ conduction arụmọrụ.
Gbatịkwuo ndụ akụrụngwa: Belata corrosion akụrụngwa na scaling, gbatịa ndụ ọrụ akụrụngwa ma belata ọnụ ahịa mbelata akụrụngwa.
Belata oriri ihe onwunwe: Site na ọgwụgwọ mmiri, enwere ike ibelata ihe mkpofu nke biocides na ọnụ ahịa mmepụta ihe.
Belata oriri akụrụngwa: Site na ọgwụgwọ mmiri, enwere ike ị nwetaghachi ihe ndị fọdụrụ na mmiri mkpofu ma tinyeghachi ya na mmepụta, si otú a na-ebelata ihe mkpofu nke akụrụngwa ma na-ebelata ọnụ ahịa mmepụta.
1.4 Chebe gburugburu ebe obibi
Belata ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe: Mgbe a gwọchara mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ, enwere ike ibelata mkpokọta ihe na-emetọ ikuku na-echekwa gburugburu mmiri.
Ghọta nrụgharị nke akụrụngwa mmiri: Site na ọgwụgwọ mmiri, enwere ike ịmegharị mmiri nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ịdabere na akụrụngwa mmiri dị ọhụrụ.
1.5 Soro ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi
Zute ụkpụrụ ikuku: Mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ ga-enwerịrị ụkpụrụ ikuku ikuku nke mba na mpaghara, yana ọgwụgwọ mmiri bụ ụzọ dị mkpa iji nweta ebumnuche a.
Na nchịkọta, ọgwụgwọ mmiri nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe abụghị nanị ihe metụtara àgwà ngwaahịa na mmepụta mmepụta, kamakwa uru akụ na ụba na nchebe gburugburu ebe obibi nke ụlọ ọrụ. Site na ọgwụgwọ mmiri sayensị na ezi uche dị na ya, enwere ike nweta ezigbo ojiji nke akụrụngwa mmiri na enwere ike ịkwalite mmepe mmepe nke ụlọ ọrụ.
Usoro ọgwụgwọ mmiri nke ụlọ ọrụ na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ ubi, gụnyere ike, chemical, pharmaceutical, metallurgy, nri na ihe ọṅụṅụ ụlọ ọrụ, wdg A na-ahazi usoro ọgwụgwọ ya dị ka ihe ndị chọrọ mmiri na-achọsi ike na ụkpụrụ nkwụsị.
2.1 kemịkalụ na ụkpụrụ nke ọgwụgwọ na-emetụta mmetụta (ngwọta mmiri dị nro)
Pretreatment nke raw mmiri na ọgwụgwọ mmiri ụlọ ọrụ tumadi gụnyere isi filtration, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, flotation, disinfection, pH ukpụhọde, metal ion mwepụ na ikpeazụ filtration. Chemical ndị a na-ejikarị gụnyere:
Coagulants na flocculants: dị ka PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminum sulfate, wdg.
Ihe nro: dị ka wayo na sodium carbonate.
Ihe na-efe efe: dị ka TCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozone, chlorine dioxide, wdg.
pH nhazi: dị ka aminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, lime, sulfuric acid, wdg.
Metal ion removersEDTA, Ion mgbanwe resin wdg,
scale inhibitor: organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acid, wdg.
Adsorbents: dị ka carbon arụ ọrụ, alumina arụ ọrụ, wdg.
Nchikota na ojiji nke kemịkalụ ndị a nwere ike inyere ọgwụgwọ mmiri ụlọ ọrụ aka n'ụzọ dị irè wepụ ihe kwụsịtụrụ, ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ, ion metal na microorganisms na mmiri, hụ na àgwà mmiri na-egbo mkpa mmepụta, ma belata ibu nke ọgwụgwọ na-esote.
2.2 Chemicals na ụkpụrụ nke usoro ọgwụgwọ mmiri
Usoro ọgwụgwọ mmiri na ọgwụgwọ mmiri ụlọ ọrụ na-agụnye pretreatment, nro, deoxidation, ígwè na manganese mwepụ, desalination, sterilization na disinfection. Nzọụkwụ ọ bụla chọrọ kemịkalụ dị iche iche iji bulie ogo mmiri ma hụ na arụ ọrụ nkịtị nke akụrụngwa ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche. Chemicals ndị a na-ahụkarị gụnyere:
| Coagulant na flocculants: | dị ka PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminum sulfate, wdg. |
| Ihe nro: | dị ka lime na sodium carbonate. |
| Ọgwụ nje: | dị ka TCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozone, chlorine dioxide, wdg. |
| Ndị na-edozi pH: | dị ka aminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, lime, sulfuric acid, wdg. |
| Ndị na-ewepụ ion metal: | EDTA, ion mgbanwe resin |
| Ihe mgbochi nha: | organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acid, wdg. |
| Adsorbents: | dị ka carbon arụ ọrụ, alumina arụ ọrụ, wdg. |
Chemicals ndị a nwere ike izute mkpa dị iche iche nke mmiri nhazi site na nhazi usoro nhazi mmiri dị iche iche, hụ na àgwà mmiri na-emezu ụkpụrụ mmepụta, belata ihe ize ndụ nke mmebi ngwá ọrụ, ma melite mmepụta mmepụta.
2.3 Chemicals na ụkpụrụ nke ọgwụgwọ mmiri jụrụ oyi
Ngwọta mmiri na-eme ka mmiri dị jụụ bụ akụkụ dị oke mkpa nke ọgwụgwọ mmiri nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, karịsịa n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe (dị ka osisi kemịkalụ, osisi ọkụ, osisi ígwè, wdg), ebe a na-eji usoro mmiri jụrụ oyi maka ngwa na usoro dị jụụ. Sistemụ mmiri na-eme ka mmiri dị jụụ na-erugharị na-enwe ike ịmịcha, corrosion, uto microbial na nsogbu ndị ọzọ n'ihi oke mmiri ha na mgbasa ozi mgbe niile. Ya mere, a ghaghị iji ụzọ ọgwụgwọ mmiri dị irè iji chịkwaa nsogbu ndị a ma hụ na arụ ọrụ nke usoro ahụ kwụsiri ike.
Ngwọta mmiri dị jụụ na-ekesa na-achọ igbochi ncha, corrosion na nje nje na sistem ahụ wee hụ na ọ dị mma. Nyochaa ihe ndị bụ isi na mmiri jụrụ oyi (dịka pH, hardness, turbidity, oxygen gbazere, microorganisms, wdg) ma nyochaa nsogbu àgwà mmiri maka ọgwụgwọ ezubere iche.
| Coagulant na flocculants: | dị ka PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminum sulfate, wdg. |
| Ihe nro: | dị ka lime na sodium carbonate. |
| Ọgwụ nje: | dị ka TCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozone, chlorine dioxide, wdg. |
| Ndị na-edozi pH: | dị ka aminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, lime, sulfuric acid, wdg. |
| Ndị na-ewepụ ion metal: | EDTA, ion mgbanwe resin |
| Ihe mgbochi nha: | organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acid, wdg. |
| Adsorbents: | dị ka carbon arụ ọrụ, alumina arụ ọrụ, wdg. |
Kemịkalụ na ụzọ ọgwụgwọ ndị a na-enyere aka igbochi ncha, corrosion, na microbial mmetọ, hụ na arụ ọrụ kwụsiri ike nke usoro mmiri jụrụ oyi, belata mmebi akụrụngwa na oriri ume, ma melite arụmọrụ sistemụ.
2.4 Chemicals na ụkpụrụ ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu
Enwere ike kewaa usoro ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ọkwa dị ka njirimara nke mmiri mkpofu na ebumnuche ọgwụgwọ, tumadi gụnyere pretreatment, neutralization acid-base, mwepụ nke organic okwu na kwụsịtụrụ siri ike, intermediate na elu ọgwụgwọ, disinfection na sterilization, sludge ọgwụgwọ na recycled mmiri ọgwụgwọ. Njikọ ọ bụla chọrọ kemịkalụ dị iche iche ka ha na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ iji hụ na arụmọrụ na nke ọma nke usoro ọgwụgwọ mmiri na-ekpofu.
A na-ekewa ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ ụzọ atọ bụ isi: anụ ahụ, kemịkalụ na ndu, iji mezuo ụkpụrụ ikuku na ibelata mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi.
Usoro anụ ahụ:sedimentation, filtration, flotation, wdg.
Usoro kemịkalụ:neutralization, redox, mmiri ozuzo.
Usoro ndu:Usoro sludge na-arụ ọrụ, membrane bioreactor (MBR), wdg.
Chemicals ndị a na-ahụkarị gụnyere:
| Coagulant na flocculants: | dị ka PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminum sulfate, wdg. |
| Ihe nro: | dị ka lime na sodium carbonate. |
| Ọgwụ nje: | dị ka TCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozone, chlorine dioxide, wdg. |
| Ndị na-edozi pH: | dị ka aminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, lime, sulfuric acid, wdg. |
| Ndị na-ewepụ ion metal: | EDTA, ion mgbanwe resin |
| Ihe mgbochi nha: | organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acid, wdg. |
| Adsorbents: | dị ka carbon arụ ọrụ, alumina arụ ọrụ, wdg. |
Site na ntinye nke kemịkalụ ndị a dị irè, enwere ike ịgwọ ma wepụ mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ na-agbaso ụkpụrụ, na ọbụna jiri ya mee ihe, na-enyere aka belata mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi na oriri mmiri.
2.5 Chemicals na ụkpụrụ nke ọgwụgwọ mmiri emegharịrị
Ngwọta mmiri emegharịrị na-ezo aka na usoro njikwa akụrụngwa mmiri nke na-ejigharị mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ ma emesịa ya. Site na ụkọ mmiri na-arịwanye elu, ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ejiriwo usoro ọgwụgwọ mmiri emegharịrị, nke ọ bụghị nanị na-echekwa mmiri mmiri, kamakwa na-ebelata ọnụ ahịa ọgwụgwọ na nkwụsị. Isi ihe na-eme ka mmiri na-emegharị ihe bụ iji wepụ ihe ndị na-emetọ mmiri na mmiri mkpofu ka mmiri dị mma na-emezu ihe ndị a chọrọ maka iji mee ihe, nke chọrọ nhazi nhazi dị elu na nkà na ụzụ.
Usoro ọgwụgwọ mmiri eji emegharịgharị nke ọma gụnyere usoro isi ihe ndị a:
Ọgwụgwọ mbụ:wepụ nnukwu ihe adịghị ọcha na griiz, na-eji PAC, PAM, wdg.
Nhazi pH:gbanwee pH, kemịkalụ a na-ejikarị gụnyere sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, calcium hydroxide, wdg.
Ọgwụgwọ ndu:wepụ ihe ndị dị ndụ, na-akwado mmebi microbial, jiri ammonium chloride, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, wdg.
Ọgwụgwọ kemịkalụ:oxidative mwepụ nke organic okwu na arọ ọla, nke a na-ejikarị ozone, persulfate, sodium sulfide, wdg.
Nkewa nke mkpụrụ ndụ:jiri reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, na ultrafiltration technology wepụ ihe gbazere ma hụ na mmiri dị mma.
Ngwọta:wepụ microorganisms, jiri chlorine, ozone, calcium hypochlorite, wdg.
Nleba anya na mmezi:Gbaa mbọ hụ na mmiri ejigharịgharịrị na-agbaso ụkpụrụ ma jiri ndị na-ahụ maka njikwa na ngwa nleba anya maka mgbanwe.
Ndị na-agbapụ ụfụfụ:Ha na-egbochi ma ọ bụ wepụ ụfụfụ site n'ibelata esemokwu elu nke mmiri mmiri na ibibi nkwụsi ike nke ụfụfụ ahụ. (Ihe ndapụta ngwa nke ndị defoamers: usoro ọgwụgwọ ndụ, ọgwụgwọ mmiri ọgwụ kemịkalụ, ọgwụgwọ mmiri ahịhịa ọgwụ, ọgwụgwọ mmiri ahịhịa nri, ọgwụgwọ mmiri na-ekpofu akwụkwọ, wdg.)
Calcium hypochlorite:Ha na-ewepụ ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ dị ka amonia nitrogen
Ngwa nke usoro ndị a na kemịkalụ na-eme ka ọ dị mma nke mmiri mkpofu a na-edozi na-agbaso ụkpụrụ eji eme ihe, na-enye ohere iji ya mee ihe nke ọma na mmepụta mmepụta ihe.
Ngwọta mmiri nke ụlọ ọrụ bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke mmepụta ụlọ ọrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ. Ọ dị mkpa ka emeziwanye usoro ya na nhọrọ kemịkal dị ka usoro chọrọ kpọmkwem. Ngwa ngwa nke kemịkalụ nwere ike ọ bụghị naanị melite mmetụta ọgwụgwọ, kamakwa belata ụgwọ ọrụ ma belata mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ọdịnihu, na ọganihu nke nkà na ụzụ na imeziwanye ihe nchebe gburugburu ebe obibi chọrọ, ọgwụgwọ mmiri nke ụlọ ọrụ ga-etolite n'ụzọ nwere ọgụgụ isi na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.